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These combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Adrafinil is considered not addictive with a low potential for abuse. It does not appear to be capable of causing psychological dependence among most users.
Prolonged use may cause elevated liver enzymes and slight hepatotoxicity due to the requirement for hepatic metabolism to convert adrafinil to its active metabolite modafinil; occasional use at typical doses appears to carry minimal hepatic risk.
Mania has been reported as a side effect, particularly in individuals with a predisposition to mood disorders such as bipolar disorder. Confusion, aggression, and overstimulation may also occur but are described as transitory effects that resolve upon discontinuation.
Adrafinil is contraindicated in individuals with epilepsy.
Adrafinil was discovered in 1974 by two chemists working at the French pharmaceutical company Laboratoires Lafon. The compound emerged unexpectedly during a screening program aimed at identifying novel analgesic agents. Rather than demonstrating pain-relieving properties, pharmacological studies…
World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List (2004)
Originally approved for sale in 1981 and marketed under the trade name Olmifon as a prescription medication. In September 2011, the French regulatory authority (ANSM) reassessed the drug and withdrew marketing permission due to an unfavorable risk-benefit ratio.
Classified as a prescription medicine following a 2005 recommendation by the Medical Classification Committee to MEDSAFE NZ, partly due to concerns about potential misuse as a party drug.
Not a controlled substance, meaning possession without a prescription or license is legal. However, the FDA considers adrafinil an unapproved drug and has taken multiple enforcement actions against companies selling it. In 2017, the FDA rejected a New Dietary Ingredient pre-market notification, stating it could not be concluded safe. Warning letters were issued in 2019, and criminal actions were undertaken in 2019 and 2022 against sellers. In 2023, an Arizona company was fined $2.4 million for introducing misbranded drugs including adrafinil into interstate commerce. Products containing adrafinil are subject to FDA import alerts, and the Department of Defense prohibits military service members from using adrafinil-containing products.
Reportedly available over-the-counter, though uncommon in practice.
Reportedly available over-the-counter, though uncommon in practice.
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